广州市主要污染物总量减排环境绩效评价

“十一五”期间,广州市主要污染物COD和SO2排放总量持续下降,经初步核算,2010年COD和S02排放量分别比2005年下降2．7万吨和6．5万吨,减排比例分别达到19．7％和43％,总量减排工作顺利完成。减排对环境改善明显,珠江广州河段主要污染指标浓度值均有所下降,COD年均浓度从2005的20．7毫克／升下降至2010年的13．6毫克／升,下降幅度达34．3％,整体水环境质量得到根本好转;空气环境质量优良率逐年上升,大气主要污染指标年均浓度值基本呈现逐年下降的态势,SO2从2005年年平均浓度为0．053毫克／立方米下降至2010年的0．033毫克／立方米,下降幅度达37．7％,空气质量持续得到好转。     

横坡与顺坡垄作径流氮磷输出及其富营养化风险对比研究

以沂蒙山区典型的坡耕地为例,通过2种雨强(40 mm·h-1和70 mm·h-1)下的野外原位模拟降雨试验,分析了横坡与顺坡垄作地表径流溶解态无机氮Inorganic-N(NO3--N、NH4+-N)以及溶解态磷(DP)的输出特征,并利用Inorganic-N/DP、NO3--N/DP和NH4+-N/DP等3种氮磷比对...     

电子废弃物的分类建议

电子废弃物的分类对于环境管理而言至关重要,发达国家依据自己的国情出台了电子废弃物分类细则。中国目前对于电子废弃物的详细分类还未出台相关的法律法规,本文针对中国电子废弃物回收处理系统提出全程管理分类模式。     

沂蒙山区不同覆被棕壤理化特征对径流溶解态氮磷输出的影响

以沂蒙山区的棕壤为例,利用野外原位模拟降雨试验,在分析荒草地、侧柏林、金银花、山楂园和花生地等5种典型覆被下棕壤坡地径流溶解态氮(DN)、磷(DP)输出特征的基础上,探讨了不同土地覆被类型下棕壤主要理化性质差异对径流DN、DP输出的影响.结果表明,在降雨强度(70 mm·h-1)、地形和植被覆盖度等条件较为一致的情况下...     

砷污染微生物修复的进展研究

随着工业的快速发展,砷污染成为全世界尤其是发展中国家面临的主要环境问题之一.微生物修复是砷污染修复的重要技术,本文在微生物对砷的专性吸附,微生物对砷的形态转化及含砷化合物的降解和挥发,微生物-根系互作对土壤砷污染的影响,及微生物砷修复的分子生物学等4个方面阐述了微生物砷修复机制的研究进展.文章还对微生物砷污染修复进行了...     

粮食主产区种植业生态经济系统投入产出能值空间差异与态势研究——以河北省为例

为了揭示粮食主产区种植业生态经济系统能值投入与产出的空间格局特征,促进传统农业向生态型农业转变,论文以国家粮食主产区河北省为研究区域,基于能值理论与空间分析技术,估算了河北省138个县种植业主要投入产出能值指标,从地理学视角上,重点探讨各项能值指标的空间格局差异与分布趋势。研究结果显示:①河北省种植业生态经济系统投入与产出各项能值指标具有明显的空间地域特征,其区域空间分布地理特征差异显著;②能值投入率(EIR)高值区主要分布在石家庄-唐山-秦皇岛地区,平均值15.81,区域差异相对较大;③能值产出率(EYR)高值区主要分布在邢台-邯郸的东南部地区;④县级层次上有机能能值(F_R)、能值投入功率(EmPower)、能值产出功率(IEmPower)等种植业投入产出指标在省域范围内呈现出"U"型、倒"U"型、一阶型等空间分布趋势。在科学分析区域植业生态经济系统投入产出能值空间差异特点的基础上,提出了规模化经营、种植业结构科学调整等提高能值利用效率的建议与措施。     

西北地区近50a气温和降水极端事件的变化特征

采用1960-2009年西北地区124个气象站点的逐日最高气温、最低气温和日降水量资料,对该地区极端气候变化进行了研究探讨,并在此基础上尝试预测了未来该地区极端气候变化的情形。研究表明:近50 a以来,西北地区夏季天数、生物生长季、热夜天数、高温天数分别以2.31、2.98、1.07、0.45 d·(10 a)^-1的速度显著增加;结冰天数、最大连续霜冻天数、低温天数分别以-2.51、-1.79、-3.62 d·(10 a)^-1的趋势在显著减少;极端气温年较差也以-0.39℃·(10 a)^-1的速度在减少;除极端气温年较差外,极端温度指数和年平均气温有很好的相关性;最大的1和5天降水总量、逐年平均降水强度和持续干旱天数呈增加趋势,而中雨天数和持续降水天数呈减少趋势;除持续干旱天数外,年降水总量与其他极端降水指标有很好的相关;从空间分布和各气候区来看,极端气候增加或减少的趋势及其与年平均气温或年总降水量相关性不尽相同。     

Assessment of source water contamination by estrogenic disrupting compounds in China

Detection of estrogenic disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking waters around China has led to rising concerns about health risks associated with these compounds. There is, however, a paucity of studies on the occurrence and identification of the main compounds responsible for this pollution in the source waters. To fill this void, we screened estrogenic activities of 23 source water samples from six main river systems in China, using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay. All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity, with E2 equivalents (EEQ) of raw water ranging from 0.08 to 2.40 ng/L. Additionally, 16 samples were selected for chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The EDCs of most concern, including estrone (E1), 17βup-estradiol (E2), 17αup-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol valerate (EV), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenols (4-NP) and bisphenol A (BPA), were determined at concentrations of up to 2.98, 1.07, 2.67, 4.37, 2.52, 1.96, 89.52, 280.19 and 710.65 ng/L, respectively. Causality analysis, involving comparison of EEQ values from yeast assay and chemical analysis identified E2, EE2 and 4-NP as the main responsible compounds, accounting for the whole estrogenic activities (39.74% to 96.68%). The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and yeast assay could be used for the identification and evaluation of EDCs in source waters of China.     

Cationic content effects of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants on the flocculation properties

A series of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTA) modified carboxymethyl chitosan, denoted as CMC-CTA) with different substitution degrees of CTA were prepared successfully. The content of carboxymethyl groups in each CMC-CTA sample was kept almost constant. The solubility of the various flocculants showed that, higher cationic content of flocculants caused a better solubility. The flocculation experiments using kaolin suspension as synthetic water at the laboratory scale indicated that the substitution degree of CTA was one of the key factors for the flocculation properties. With the increase of cationic content, the flocculants were demonstrated better flocculation performance and lower dosage requirement. Flocculation kinetics model of particles collisions combining zeta potential and turbidity measurements was employed to investigate the effects of the cationic content of the flocculants on the flocculation properties from the viewpoint of flocculation mechanism in detail. Furthermore, flocculation performance using raw water from Zhenjiang part of Yangtze River at the pilot scale showed the similar effects to those at the laboratory scale.     

水力负荷及固相碳源对BAF+多级土壤渗滤组合工艺处理污水的影响研究

碳源的选择及曝气量的控制是影响多级土壤渗滤系统(multi-soil-laying,即MSL)脱氮效果的重要因素.试验采用BAF+MSL两段式新型组合工艺,避免了传统MSL曝气过量抑制反硝化脱氮的风险.考察了不同水力负荷下,BAF+MSL对生活污水的净化效果,并比较研究了以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为反硝化碳源的MSL-1及木屑为碳源的MSL-2的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,不同水力负荷下,系统对SS平均去除率为94.08%,对COD的去除率均在80%以上,出水COD在20mg·L-1以下.水力负荷对系统BAF段硝化性能影响较小,对MSL反硝化脱氮影响较大.BAF水力负荷为0.5、1及2m·3m-·2d-1时,BAF对NH4+-N的去除率均在90%以上,对TN的平均去除率依次为26.53%、11.09%、5.71%;对应MSL段水力负荷分别为0.25、0.50及1m·3m-·2d-1时,MSL-1对TN平均去除率分别为87.39%、65.09%、45.56%,MSL-2平均去除率依次为61.51%、42.52%、31.32%.MSL-1脱氮性能明显优于MSL-2,而两者除磷效果区别较小.随着水力负荷增大,MSL对TP去除率依次降低,MSL-1对TP平均去除率最高为91.97%.